Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi)
The Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) (e-ISSN:2442-9740; p-ISSN:1978-3728) is published by the Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Its diciplinary focus is dental science and dental hygiene. The Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) is published in English on a quarterly basis with each 50-60 page edition containing between nine and eleven scientific articles on research, study literature and case studies. Contributors to the Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) included: dental researchers, dental practitioners, lecturers, and students drawn from Indonesia and a wide range of other countries.
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<![CDATA[The efficacy of sarang semut extract (Myrmecodia pendens Merr & Perry) in inhibiting Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm formation ]]>
<![CDATA[Zulfan M. Alibasyah]]>;
<![CDATA[Ambrosius Purba]]>;
<![CDATA[Budi Setiabudiawan]]>;
<![CDATA[Hendra Dian Adhita]]>;
<![CDATA[Dikdik Kurnia]]>;
<![CDATA[Mieke H. Satari]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 50 No. 2 (2017): June 2017 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i2.p55-60
<![CDATA[Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a pathogenic bacteria present in the oral cavity involved in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis and biofilm. This mass of microorganisms represents one of the virulent factors of P. gingivalis which plays an important role as an attachment initiator in host cells. Sarang semut is a natural material possessing the ability to inhibit the growth of P. gingivalis. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effect of sarang semut extract on the formation of P. gingivalis biofilm. Methods: The study used methanol sarang semut extract and P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and phosphomycin as a positive control. Treatment was initiated by means of culturing. Biofilm test and P. gingivalis biofilm formation observation were subsequently performed by means of a light microscope at a magnification of 400x. Results: The formation of P. gingivalis biofilms tended to increase at 3, 6, and 9 hours. Results of the violet crystal test showed that concentrations of 100% and 75% of the sarang semut extract successfully inhibited the formation of P. gingivalis biofilm according to the incubation time. Meanwhile, the sarang semut extracts at concentrations of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.125% resulted in weak inhibition of the formation of P. gingivalis biofilm. The biofilm mass profile observed by a microscope tended to decrease as an indicator of the effects of the sarang semut extract. Conclusion: Sarang semut extract can inhibit the formation of P. gingivalis biofilm, especially at concentrations of 100% and 75%. Nevertheless, phosphomycin has stronger antibiofilm of P. gingivalis effects than those of the sarang semut extract at all of the concentrations listed above.]]>
<![CDATA[Effects of strong bite force on the facial vertical dimension of pembarong performers ]]>
<![CDATA[C. Christina]]>;
<![CDATA[Achmad Sjafei]]>;
<![CDATA[Ida Bagus Narmada]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 50 No. 2 (2017): June 2017 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i2.p76-79
<![CDATA[Background: A pembarong performer is a reog dancer who bites on a piece of wood inserted into his/her mouth in order to support a 60 kg Barongan or Dadak Merak mask. The teeth supporting this large and heavy mask are directly affected, as the strong bite force exerted during a dance could affect their vertical and sagital facial dimensions. Purpose: This study aimed to examine the influence of the bite force of pembarong performers due to their vertical and sagital facial dimensions. Methods: The study reported here involved fifteen pembarong performers and thirteen individuals with normal occlusion (with specific criteria). The bite force of these subjects was measured with a dental prescale sensor during its centric occlusion. A cephalometric variation measurement was subsequently performed on all subjects with its effects on their vertical and sagital facial dimensions being measured. Results: The bite force value of the pembarong performers was 394.3816 ± 7.68787 Newtons, while the normal occlusion was 371.7784 ± 4.77791 Newtons. There was no correlation between the bite force and the facial sagital dimension of these subjects. However, a significant correlation did exist between bite force and lower facial height/total facial height (LFH/TFH) ratio (p = 0.013). Conversely, no significant correlation between bite force and posterior facial height/total facial height (PFH/TFH) ratio (p = 0.785) was detected. There was an inverse correlation between bite force and LFH/TFH ratio (r = -.464). Conclusion: Bite force is directly related to the decrease in LFH/TFH ratio. Occlusal pressure exerted by the posterior teeth on the alveolar bone may increase bone density at the endosteal surface of cortical bone.]]>
<![CDATA[The increased number of osteoblasts and capillaries in orthodontic tooth movement post-administration of Robusta coffee extract ]]>
<![CDATA[H. Herniyati]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 50 No. 2 (2017): June 2017 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i2.p91-96
<![CDATA[Background: The application of orthodontic forces subjects blood capillaries to considerable pressure, resulting in hypoxia on the pressure side. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), expressed in osteoblasts represents an important mitogen that induces angiogenesis. Osteoblasts and blood capillaries play an important role in bone formation. Robusta coffee contains chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid both of which produce antioxidant effects capable of reducing oxidative stress in osteoblasts. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of Robusta coffee extract on the number of osteoblasts and blood capillaries in orthodontic tooth movement. Methods: This research constituted a laboratory-based experimental study involving the use of sixteen male rodents divided into two groups, namely; control group (C) consisting of eight mice given orthodontic mechanical force (OMF) and a treatment group (T) containing eight mice administered OMF and dried Robusta coffee extract at a dose of 20mg/ 100 g BW. The OMF was performed by installing a ligature wire on the maxillary right first molar and both maxillary incisors. In the following stage, the maxillary right first molar was moved to the mesial using Tension Gauze with a Nickel Titanium Orthodontic closed coil spring. Observation was subsequently undertaken on the 15th day by extracting the maxillary right first and second molar with their periodontal tissues. Thereafter, histological examination was performed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining technique to measure the number of osteoblasts and blood capillaries on the mesial and distal periodontal ligaments of the maxillary right first molar. Results: The administration of Robusta coffee extract increases the number of blood capillaries and osteoblasts on both the pressure and tension sides were found to be significantly higher in the T group compared to the C group (p<0,05). Conclusion: Robusta coffee extract increase the number of osteoblasts and blood capillaries, thereby playing a role in improving the alveolar bone remodeling process in orthodontic tooth movement.]]>
<![CDATA[The influence of artificial salivary pH on nickel ion release and the surface morphology of stainless steel bracket-nickel-titanium archwire combinations ]]>
<![CDATA[Ida Bagus Narmada]]>;
<![CDATA[Natalya Tantri Sudarno]]>;
<![CDATA[Achmad Sjafei]]>;
<![CDATA[Yuli Setiyorini]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 50 No. 2 (2017): June 2017 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i2.p80-85
<![CDATA[Background: In the oral cavity, orthodontic appliances come into contact with saliva which may cause corrosion capable of changing their surface morphology due to the release of metal ions. Surface roughness can influence the effectiveness of tooth movement. One of the ions possibly released when body fluid comes into contact with brackets and archwire is nickel ion (Ni). Ni, one of the most popular components of orthodontic appliances, is, however, a toxic element that could potentially increase the likelihood of health problems such as allergic responses during treatment. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different artificial salivary pH on the ions released and the surface morphology of stainless steel (SS) brackets-nickel-titanium (NiTi) and archwire combinations. Methods: Brackets and archwires were analyzed by an Energy Dispersive X-Ray Detector System (EDX) to determine their composition, while NiTi archwire compound was examined by means of X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The immersion test was performed at artificial salivary pH levels of 4.2; 6.5; and 7.6 at 37°C for 28 days. Ni ion release measurement was performed using an Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Surface morphology was analyzed by means of a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results: The chemical composition of all orthodontic appliances contained Ni element. In addition, XRD was depicted phases not only NiTi but also Ni, Titanium, Silicon and Zinc Oleate. The immersion test showed that the highest release of Ni ions occured at a pH of 4.2, with no significant difference at various levels of pH (p=.092). There were surface morphology changes in the orthodontic appliances. It was revealed that at a pH of 4.2, the surfaces of orthodontic appliances become unhomogenous and rough compared to those at other pH concentrations. Conclusion: The reduction of pH in the artificial saliva increases the amount of released Ni ions, as well as causing changes to the surface morphology of brackets and archwires.]]>
<![CDATA[Increase of collagen in diabetes-related traumatic ulcers after the application of liquid smoke coconut shell ]]>
<![CDATA[Meircurius Dwi Condro Surboyo]]>;
<![CDATA[Ira Arundina]]>;
<![CDATA[Retno Pudji Rahayu]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 50 No. 2 (2017): June 2017 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i2.p71-75
<![CDATA[Background: Traumatic ulcers in patients with diabetes mellitus may experience delayed healing despite their diabetic condition being controlled. Liquid smoke coconut shell containing phenolic compounds can potentially accelerate the healing process. One healing process indicator is the increased number of fibroblasts, another being the increased amount of collagen. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the amount of collagen in traumatic ulcers in diabetics after application of liquid smoke coconut shell. Methods: Alloxan was induced in twenty-four male Wistar rats as models of diabetes mellitus. A traumatic 10 mm ulcer was made along the labial fornix incisive inferior with a round, stainless steel blade before liquid smoke coconut shell and benzydamine hydrochloride (as the control) was administrated once a day. A biopsy of the labial fornix incisive inferior was subsequently performed after the topical application for 5 and 7 days. Histological assessment was conducted to analyze the amount of collagen by means of Masson Trichome staining. Results: Histologically, the topical application of liquid smoke coconut shell for 5 days significantly increased the amount of collagen, higher than that of benzydamine hydrochloride as the control (p=0.006) (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the topical application of liquid smoke coconut shell for 7 days made the concentration of collagen no significantly different from that of benzydamine hydrochloride as the control (p=0.156) (p>0.05). Conclusion: Liquid smoke coconut shell applied for 5 days increase the amount of collagen in traumatic ulcers in diabetic patients.]]>
<![CDATA[Differences in surface roughness of nanohybrid composites immersed in varying concentrations of citric acid ]]>
<![CDATA[Gabriela Kevina Alifen]]>;
<![CDATA[Adioro Soetojo]]>;
<![CDATA[Widya Saraswati]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 50 No. 2 (2017): June 2017 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i2.p102-105
<![CDATA[Background: The surface roughness of restoration is important in predicting the length of time it might remain in the mouth. Conditions within the oral cavity can affect the surface roughness of a restoration. Nanohybrid composite is widely used in dentistry because it can be applied to restore anterior and posterior teeth. Athletes routinely consume isotonic drinks which are acidic and even more erosive than the carbonated variety because they contain a range of acids; the highest content of which being citric acid. Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the surface roughness of nanohybrid composite after having been subjected to immersion in varying concentrations of citric acid. Methods: Two isotonic drinks (Pocari Sweat and Mizone) were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify the respective concentrations of citric acid which they contained. A total of 27 samples of cylindrical nanohybrid composite were prepared before being divided into three groups. In Group 1, samples were immersed in citric acid solution derived from Pocari Sweat. Those of Group 2 were immersed in citric acid solution derived from Mizone; while Group 3, samples were immersed in distilled water as a control. All samples were immersed for 7 days, before their surface roughness was tested by means of a surface roughness tester (Mitutoyo SJ-201). Data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test. Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference in surface roughness between Groups 1, 2 and 3 (p=0.985). Conclusion: No difference in surface roughness of nanohybrid composites results from prolonged immersion in varying concentrations of citric acid.]]>
<![CDATA[Scaffold combination of chitosan and collagen synthesized from chicken feet induces osteoblast and osteoprotegerin expression in bone healing process of mice ]]>
<![CDATA[Saka Winias]]>;
<![CDATA[Diah Savitri Ernawati]]>;
<![CDATA[Maretaningtias Dwi Ariani]]>;
<![CDATA[Retno Pudji Rahayu]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 50 No. 2 (2017): June 2017 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i2.p86-90
<![CDATA[Background: Over 500.000 of the 2,3 million surgical treatments requiring bone grafting procedures that are performed annually are likely to be necessitated by or will result in bone defects that will not regenerate. Treatment to regenerate new tissues is needed, especially for hard tissue repair, which not only relies on a natural osseointegration process, but also requires a physical support to guide the differentiation and proliferation of cells into the targeted functional tissue. Chitosan and collagen extracted from chicken feet combinations are expected to enhance the bioactive surface and provide mechanical strength as a bone graft scaffold. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of chitosan and collagen scaffold synthesized from chicken feet applications to increase the expression of Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteoblast cells on the fourteenth day of bone healing. Methods: Eighteen three-month old, adult, male, Rattus novergicu strain rodents with a body weight ranging from 200-350 g were kept under controlled environmental conditions. The mice were randomly divided into three groups consisting of three subjects, each treated with collagen, chitosan, chitosancollagen combination (50:50) scaffolds. On the 14th post-treatment day, three members of each group were sacrificed. Examination of Osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression was conducted by means of immunohistochemistry staining with anti-OPG polyclonal antibodies. Meanwhile, osteoblast cell examination was performed by means of hematoxilin-eosin (HE) staining. Results: The mice treated with collagen and a chitosan-collagen combination scaffold presented an increase in the expression of Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and the number of osteoblast cells respectively. Conclusion: A combination of chitosan-collagen (50:50) scaffold extracted from chicken feet increased the expression of OPG and the number of osteoblasts in the bone healing process. The combination scaffolds demonstrated the highest OPG expression and number of osteoblasts compared to the other groups.]]>
<![CDATA[The effects of audio-video instruction in brushing teeth on the knowledge and attitude of young slow learners in Cirebon regency ]]>
<![CDATA[Yayah Sopianah]]>;
<![CDATA[Muhammad Fiqih Sabilillah]]>;
<![CDATA[O. Oedijani]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 50 No. 2 (2017): June 2017 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i2.p66-70
<![CDATA[Background: Young slow learners are children with special needs who require special attention to satisfy their personal hygiene needs, especially those of dental hygiene since they are particularly susceptible to tooth decay. Changing the knowledge and attitudes of those slow learners can be achieved by a proper method. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the effects of teaching effective methods of brushing teeth by means of an audio video approach on the knowledge and attitude of young slow learners in Cirebon regency. Methods: This study was quasi-experimental in nature using pre test-post test methods within a two-group design. The sampling technique employed was purposive in nature. The number of young slow learners as respondents in this research totalled 31 individuals. Those children were, subsequently, divided into two groups; Group I containing 16 children, instructed in tooth brushing techniques by means of an audio video method and Group II composed of 15 children who were taught tooth brushing techniques manually. The variables measured consisted of subjects’ knowledge of and attitude towards how to brush teeth most effectively identified by means of a questionnaire, in order that the interval data could be collected. Results: The results of an independent T-test showed there to be significant differences in the mean scores of the knowledge variable and the attitude variable (p = 0.003 and p = 0.000 respectively) between Groups I and II, at that stage of the investigation. Conclusion: It can be concluded that instructional audio-videos on how to brush teeth most effectively can improve both the knowledge and attitude of children with slow learning problems.]]>
<![CDATA[The correlation between pH and flow rate of salivary smokers related to nicotine levels labelled on cigarettes ]]>
<![CDATA[Dewi Saputri]]>;
<![CDATA[Abdillah Imron Nasution]]>;
<![CDATA[Mutiara Rizki Wardarni Surbakti]]>;
<![CDATA[Basri A. Gani]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 50 No. 2 (2017): June 2017 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i2.p61-65
<![CDATA[Background: Saliva is a biological fluid in oral cavity that plays a role in maintaining the environmental balance and oral commensal. Nicotine of cigarettes has been reported as a predisposing factor for changing of pH and salivary flow rate, thereby changing in biological salivary components. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the correlation between salivary pH and salivary flow rate in smokers with nicotine levels labeled on cigarettes. Methods: Purposive sampling was conducted involving 40 male smokers. Before participating, they filled a questionnaire related to the history of their smoking habit. Using a spitting method for 5 minutes their saliva was collected. Results: Result of Pearson correlation test showed that there was a significant correlation between smoking intensity and salivary flow rate of those smokers (r = -0.486 and p<0.001). The results also indicated that there was a significant correlation between smoking intensity and salivary pH (r = -0.376 and p<0.017). On the other hand, there was no significant correlation between nicotine levels levels labeled on cigarettes with salivary pH of those smokers (r = -0.107, p>0.512). There was no correlation between nicotine levels labeled on cigarettes and salivary pH of those smokers (r = -0.216, p>0.181). Nevertheless, there was a significant correlation between salivary flow rate and salivary pH of those smokers (r= 0.686, p<0.00,). Conclusion: There is a strong correlation between the intensity of smoking with salivary flow rate and its pH. However, there is no correlation between nicotine levels labeled on cigarettes and both salivary flow rate as well as salivary pH.]]>
<![CDATA[The Effect of a combination of 12% spirulina and 20% chitosan on macrophage, PMN, and lymphocyte cell expressions in post extraction wound ]]>
<![CDATA[Nike Hendrijantini]]>;
<![CDATA[Rostiny Rostiny]]>;
<![CDATA[Mefina Kuntjoro]]>;
<![CDATA[Kevin Young]]>;
<![CDATA[Bunga Shafira]]>;
<![CDATA[Yunita Pratiwi]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 50 No. 2 (2017): June 2017 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i2.p106-110
<![CDATA[Background: Tooth extraction is the ultimate treatment option for defective teeth followed by the need for dentures. Inflammation is one phase of the healing process that should be minimized in order to preserve alveolar bone for denture support. Macrophage, PMN and lymphocyte cells are indicators of acute inflammation. Spirulina and chitosan are natural compounds with the potential to be anti-inflammatory agents. Purpose: This research aimed to determine macrophage, PMN and lymphocyte cells of animal models treated with a combination of 12% spirulina and 20% chitosan on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd post-extraction day. Methods: Animal models were randomly divided into control (K) and treatment (P) groups. Each group was further divided into three subgroups (KI, KII, KIII and PI, PII, PIII). The post-extraction sockets of the control group animals were then filled with CMC Na 3%. Meanwhile, the post-extraction sockets of the treatment group members were filled with a combination of 12% spirulina and 20% chitosan. Subsequently, the number of PMN, macrophage and lymphocyte cells was analyzed by means of HE analysis on the 1st., 2nd. and 3rd. days. Statistical analysis was then performed using a T-test. Results: There was a decrease in PMN cells and an increase in macrophage and lymphocyte cells on Days 1, 2, and 3. Conclusion: It can be concluded that a combination of 12% spirulina and 20% chitosan can not only decrease PMN cells, but can also increase macrophage and lymphocyte cells on Days 1, 2 and 3 after tooth extraction.]]>
